System:

The idea of a system is useful to explain both the external reality as well as the internal one. A system is simply an organized set of components that are coordinated to perform a designated function. All components of system are in some way related to each other and the functioning of other components enhances the operation of system.

Example:

A car is made up of an engine, wheels, brakes and other related items.

Objective:

Every system has a purpose or goal that it wishes to fulfil. Analyzing a system's operation requires understanding its aim. A computer system's principal goal is to process data and provide useful information to users.

Types of system objectives:

Information ProcessingSupporting other systemsAchieving specific goals

Components:
Components of a system includes:

• Inputs (such as resources or data that enter the system).
• Processes (actions or functions that convert inputs into useful outputs).
• Outputs (the final results or products of system).

Environment:

Environment of a system includes everything external to the system. Understanding environment of a system is important as it influences the system's performance and behaviour by providing inputs and receiving outputs.

Methods of communication:

Communication and Interaction among system components is key to the functioning of a system. It ensures that components work together in an organized and smooth manner to achieve the system's objectives. 

For example: 

• In a Computing system, the CPU communicates with memory to fetch and store data.
•  In a biological system brain sends signals to muscles to initiate movement.

System and Science:

Knowledge is our understanding of various systems in the universe around and within us. Science is systematic way to validate this understanding.

Types of Science:

• Natural science
• Design science

Natural Science:

Natural science is meant to uncover the objectivity and functionality of natural systems in world.

Empirical cycle of natural science:

Observations → Question → Hypothesis → Study design → Analysis → Conclusion

• Design science: It is focused on designing and creating artifacts (tools, systems, methods) to achieve specific goals.

Examples:

• Natural science: Studying the ecosystem of a forest to understand how different species interacts. (descriptive).
• Design science: Developing a new software system to manage forest data and improve conservation efforts. (prescriptive).

Regulative cycle:

[Cycle: Problem Investigation/Identification → Solution Design → Solution Implementation → Solution evaluation]

• Computer science: It is the study of how computer work including at what they can do and their limitations.

Relationship :-
→ Natural science of computer science:

Natural science of computer science focuses on finding basic rules that controls the how computer system work. This involves the study of various algorithms and their characteristics.

Study of Algorithms:

Researchers analyze existing algorithm to understand their efficiency and limitations.

• Design science of computer science:
  It focuses on creating and improving computer tools and systems to make them work better.
• Development of new software tools:
  Researchers create new tools or applications to solve specific problems.
• Improvement of computer system
  Researchers work on enhancing existing systems to perform better.

Computing Systems: 
A computer system is a structured set of hardware and software components specially designed for data processing and performance of various operations.

Types of Computing System:

Computing systems come in various types. Some of these include the following:

• Computer
• Software systems
• Computer Networks
• Internet

Computer: 
A computer is a complex system designed to process data and performs tasks according to a set of instruction.

Software Systems: 
Software refers to the collection of instruction that dictate the requirements and actions that hardware must do.Example: Windows, Macos, and Linux

Computer Networks: 
A computer network connects multiple computer and devices enabling the efficient exchange of resources and information

Internet: 
The internet is a vast and complex system designed to connect multiple networks worldwide, including private, public, academic, business and government network.

Computer as a system: 
A computer is a complex system designed to process data and performs task according to a set of instruction.

Objective: 
The main objective of a computer is to perform computations, process data and execute different tasks efficiently.

For example: 
A personal computer's objective is to run software application such as word processors, web browsers and games through various computational processes.

Components: 
A computer composed of many essential components that operate in conjunction. These components include.

Interface Components: 
Interface components refer to the fundamental parts of a computer system, including input devices such as the keyboard and mouse which allow users to interact with computer.

Processing Components:

• The processing components of a computer consist of CPU, which acts as the central processing unit responsible for computations and executing command.
• Random Access Memory (RAM) is transient storage that stores data and instructions for CPU, whereas storage is a permanent storage for data and software needed for future processing.

Communication Components:

• Communication components in a computer refer to the physical elements that provide communication between different parts of computer.
• In a computer, the motherboard serves as the primary circuit board that interconnects all components by using cables and circuits.

Interactions among components:

• The components of a computer interact with each other to perform task.
• For example when you open a file using your mouse or keyboard, several components of your computer interacts seamlessly to make this action happen.

The Architecture of Von Neumann Computer:
The Von Neumann architecture is a computer paradigm that delineates a system in which the hardware of computer has four primary components. The memory, central processing unit (CPU), input mechanism and output mechanism. This model is called John Von Neumann model. The Neumann named in the honor of mathematician and physicist who contributed to its development during 1940.

Components:

1. Memory:

Contains both input data in the instruction required for CPU processing. For instance: Consider the RAM of your computer: when a program starts it is loaded into RAM to enable faster execution compared to when it runs from the hard disk.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

Performs addition and subtraction and executes commands provided by the memory. The system has two main component:

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Control Unit (CU)

ALU:

The arithmetic logic unit perform mathematical computations and logic operations.

CU:

A control unit (CU) is a peripheral that governs activities of the CPU by instructing the ALU and memory to execute tasks according to the programs instructions. It ensures proper and timely execution of duties by all other components.

Example:

When doing the calculation 2+2 on a calculator application the arithmetic logic unit handles the numerical values while the control unit supervises the whole procedure.

3. Input devices:

Input devices enable users to input data and instructions into the computer system. For example; Keyboard, Mouse and Microphone.

Example:

Entering text on the Keyboard transmits data to the CPU for subsequent processing.

4. Output devices:

Output devices present or communicate the outcomes of task executed by the computer.

Example:

Consider for instance, a monitor and a printer. Upon completion of data processing the CPU transmits the outcome to the monitor for visual display.

5. System Bus:

A system bus is a communication mechanism that facilitates the movement of data between the components inside a computational system.

It Comprises:

• Data bus: Transport data 
• Address bus: Maintains data destination information
• Control Bus: Transports Controls Electrical Signals

Environment:
The computer system environment include any external devices that interact with computer.

• Power Supply:
  Power provides electrical power to allow computer to work.
• Network:
  Network connects the computer to other system and internet.
• Peripherals:
  Peripherals include printers, scanners, and external discs that expand the computers capabilities.
• Interaction with the computer:
  A computer interact with its environment to perform its function.
• User Input:
  A user types on the keyboard and the computer process the input to display text on the screen.
• Network Communication:
  Computer sends and receive data over the internet to browse websites or download files.

When retrieving a file, the process works as follows:

• User Input: The user input the command (e.g double clicking an icon).
• Instruction Fetch: The CPU fetches the instructions to locate the file from the storage device (like a hard drive).
• Data Transfer: The data is transferred into the RAM.
• Processing: The CPU processes this data.
• Output/Display: The CPU send it to the display device showing the file on the screen.

Conclusion:

This process illustrates the computer's efficient task management by coordinating input, processing, storage and output within milliseconds enabling real time data handling and display.